The Concept of the Political

As a counterterrorism officer my moral duty is to protect the residents of my state from terrorism attacks and the national security of US. Therefore, I am under no obligation but to ensure I fulfill the role that I have been assigned. I am the senior counterterrorism officer in California State where there is a high percentage of Arab American citizens and immigrants. Thus over the last couple of decades it has been difficult to detect terrorists. Furthermore, infiltrating such a community has proved to be difficult thereby providing a loophole for the increase in terrorist activities.Infiltrating the Arab American Community To curb this demise I will commission FBI agents to act as my spies by posing as Muslim worshippers in the California mosques. This decision may be perceived as a violation of human rights and the freedom of privacy enjoyed by other citizens. However, in the actual fact this initiative is among the criminal responsibilities that are bestowed on counterterrorism officer. Moreover, it is a counterintelligence activity that ensures protection of the US national security by providing important information to the FBI body and the government.The rights to perform counterintelligence activities have been governed by the National security of 1947 which was amended in 2004 by the establishment of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. Furthermore, the commissioned FBI agents will not commit any wrong doing offences (Uwe, 2007). I will also employ informant to live amongst the community. The informant will mainly be ex-US military officers whose credentials are remarkable and stimulate the required standards.I prefer using ex-military officers because they are competent, trained to serve the nation thus will thoroughly understand the importance of their assignment and the need for them to keep their identity in discretion. The agents will regularly be monitored to prevent the development of discrepancy behaviors against ethical and mo ral norms. I will also make use of biometric fingerprint procedure for all travelers leaving and entering the California state. It may be argued that this tactic will detain people unnecessarily thereby wasting their time and subjecting them to measures and challenges that are unjustifiable.However, the initiative will enable the California Homeland Security Department to prevent identity theft, use of fraudulent documents and terrorists from gaining access to the state thus enhancing the national security and safety of California residents (Schmitt, 2007). The Status, Rights and Protections offered to Culprits of Terrorism In an attempt of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of counterterrorism an executive order authorizing the interrogation and trial of foreign terrorist suspects and illegal combatants by a special military tribunal was passed in 2001.Therefore, an ex-American citizen captured in the United States in the act of terrorism should be considered as an illegal enemy combatant. Thus I would not hesitate to hand the culprit to the jurisdiction of the military commission of the United States, an act that will be in accordance with the (Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006 that was passed by the Congress introducing the concept of illegal combatant into US legislation. Furthermore, the concept of illegal combatant enemies has been accepted by other nations who have willingly handed over their sovereignty in this context to the US (Gill & Sliedregt, 2005).The establishment of the above legislations withdrew all the protections that were accorded to ex-American citizens. The same applies to foreign nationals caught engaging in terrorism in US, American citizens fighting American forces abroad and foreign nationals that are non-military officials fighting American forces abroad. The above are all illegal combatant enemies of the state and thus also deserve to be tried before the jurisdiction of the military commission without the provision of Habeas corpus rights.The Habeas Corpus is a provision given to detained culprits to appeal for their release incase of being detained unlawfully. The above subjects are liable to torture in the event of collecting information that would increase the efficiency of the government and military to provide the US state national security. Therefore, I would fully support the idea of implementing torture as a method of extracting useful information to such culprits in an attempt of protecting the California residents (US Congress Joint Resolution, 2001). Perspectives Concerning Just WarJust war is perpetuated by states in an attempt of protecting themselves from aggressive attack from other nations. However, for just war to be justifiable it should be used as a last resort problem of solving the conflict that exists that is after all non-violent mechanisms of resolving conflicts are exhausted. Just wars should only be perpetuated by bodies that are recognized by the society as legitimate. A just war should be initiated if the presumed end results are beneficial where its success is guaranteed to prevent death and suffering of innocent people in accordance to moral vices.The death of civilians can only be justified if they were accidentally killed by being in the vicinity of the military targets. Therefore, just wars should initiate long lasting peace between the nations that were under conflict. Furthermore, states are not supposed to use force when initiating just wars and in instances where such force must be implemented it should not exceed the injury or suffering caused. The war on terrorism can thus be classified as a just war because it adheres to the above principles.However, it can cease to be a just war if its goal is to spread terror, subject war on a non-state organization and if it aims at killing and hurting civilians (Fotion, 2007). Anti Americanism involves the negative aspect that individuals and state have over the political, economic, social and cu ltural values of US. Anti Americanism has adversely affected the national security of US due to introduction of foreign hostility towards the US state for instance terrorism, thus curbing the effective attainment of stipulated US policy goals.Anti Americanism also affects the ability of US to conduct businesses abroad. This is unethical and thus not justifiable therefore individuals that perpetuate the stimulation of violent acts against the American state should be held accountable for their actions and thus are liable to stand trial before the military commission. The US government has a right to protect the national security of the country by dealing with schools, mosques and charities that indirectly support terrorism while actually not directly engaging in the terrorism activities.The government prosecutes such individuals or organization with the aim of eliminating the terrorism concept and support that the individuals and organizations offer (US Congress Joint Resolution, 200 1). USA PATRIOT Act The enactment of the USA PATRIOTIC ACT after the 9/11 attack has substantially reduced terrorism in United States because the surveillance and investigating powers of the US law enforcement officers was increased especially with respect to internet use.However, if I were in Congress I would vote for the renewal of the Act to amend it. This is because the Act was enacted in haste without being subjected to Congress debate and house report to declare the consent of Senators. This fact resulted to the omission of a balance between civil liberty and stipulated legislations (US Congress Joint Resolution, 2001). Word Count: 1190 Reference List Fotion, N. (2007). War and Ethics: Just War Theory. New York: Continuum. Gill, T. & Sliedregt, E.(2005). Guantanamo Bay: A Reflection on the Legal Status and Rights of Unlawful Enemy Combatants. The Utrecht Law Review, 1 (1). Retrieved on July, 6th, 2009 from http://www. utrechtlawreview. org. Schmitt, C. (2007). The Concept of t he Political. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. U. S. Congress Joint Resolution (2001). Authorization for Use of Military Force. Public Law, 107(40), 115 Stat. 224. Uwe. S. (2007). On the Ethics of War and Terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Social Capital has been described as involving egocentric, weak ties and socio-centric types of relationships

Social Capital has been described as involving egocentric, weak ties and socio-centric types of relationships. How might these concepts help to improve the way organisations generate new knowledge. Might some these concepts also act as a barrier to generating and sharing knowledge? Explain your answer. Introduction In contemporary, highly developing business environment, the success factors of many organisations have been affected with the rapid advancement in communication and ways of sharing knowledge. The knowledge economy has changed the basis of trading and doing business. Success and wealth of businesses no longer depends on their wealth of organisations but on the abilities and knowledge of their employees and the degree to which an organisation harnesses and develops those skills. The more effective the relationship between supplier and customer, the more successful an organisation is. This success depends on their abilities to operate in today's fast moving global marketplace. Defining the notion of Social Capital The notion of social capital first appeared in discussions of rural school community centers by Lyda Judson Hanifan's. Hanifan addressed the cultivation of good will, fellowship, sympathy and social intercourse among those that ‘made up a social unit.' More recently however, the work of Robert D. Putnam (1993, 2000) launched social capital as a focus for research and policy discussion. Putman defined the concept of social capital as â€Å"Features of social organisation, such as trust, norms and networks that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated action† (Putnam, 1993). This definition of social capital can be criticised for adopting a single view, and being too narrow, as it ignores the fact that social capital can generate negative externalities as well as positive. Putman assumes ‘trust, norms and networks' to have positive outcomes for an individual, or a group however fails to recognise that it can be harmful for an organisation as a whole. Michael Woolcock on the other hand defined social capital as â€Å"the norms and social relations embedded in the social structure that enable people to coordinate action to achieve desired goals† This definition not only recognises both positive and negative externalities of social capital but focuses solely on sources of social capital, rather than also including the outcomes derived from it. One of the most famous examples where social capital is commonly referred to is in Silicon Valley (San Francisco). Silicon Valley is in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. It contains many high tech businesses that are supplying the global market with many innovating technologies and silicon microchips. In Silicon Valley, there is a very high level of knowledge held within individual firms, but this would be true whether they were located in clusters or in isolation. There is also a very high level of knowledge about the firms as well. This information is differentially more available to those in the Valley and in the network. This knowledge is not just technical, it is knowledge about who is a good manager or well connected. It is embedded in the social setting, a knowledge that comes from learning and being in the place where the knowledge is being used, and having an opportunity to use it in that setting. It is about knowled ge use and production in action. Social Capital – promotes knowledge sharing and communication Many contemporary theorists who conducted studies on social capital identified two differing perspectives within the concept. These concepts are socio-centric, and ego-centric. The socio-centric approach argues that the social structure of interpersonal contacts is important for organizational success (Sandefur and Laumann, 1998). A business can benefit from a strong social structure, by allowing employee cooperation that will enable flexibility and innovation. Knowledge sharing helps employees perform their jobs more effectively, retain their jobs, and guides them in personal and career development. It also rewards them for successful achievements, and brings more personal recognition so that knowledge sharing will become more practiced. By sharing and collaborating with others an employee is more likely to succeed in providing solutions to his/hers own jobs and by helping others achieve their objectives. The philosophy of modern knowledge management exponents is that ‘intrinsic motivation' is the only real motivator of knowledge sharing. This is where an individual, group or community are sympathetic to each other's goals, those of the organisation work for collective goals-if these are best achieved through sharing then this is what happens. Intrinsic motivation is making sure that individuals feel part of the business and culture through reward and recognition. The second perspective of social capital is concerned with the relationships between individuals. Sandefur and Laumann (1998) refer to this as the egocentric approach of social networks, where â€Å"an individual's social capital is characterized by their direct relationships with others and by the other people and relationships that they can reach through those to whom they are directly tied†. From this perspective, social capital is able to explain the differences in the success of individuals and firms in a competitive environment (Adler and Kwon, 1999). A learning organisation views its future and subsequent competitive advantage based on continuous learning and adaptive behaviour. It develops a culture and processes to improve its ability to learn and share both at an individual and organisational level. The main aim is to create a flexible, agile organisation able to handle uncertainty and then hopefully organisations will use this uncertainty to generate new ways of working, to build on this success and learn by mistakes. For example: a large multinational company, British Airways (BA) identified its culture as the biggest barrier it had to learning and sharing so it set out to create an environment where this was made easy. BA developed facilities for staff to access knowledge, libraries, have meeting rooms, training rooms that enhanced its culture. Therefore the facilitation of personal contacts and network, and the enhance role of training and development being a core was British Airways success for its new culture. Social capital – barrier to knowledge sharing and communication As developed in Ronald Burt's theory (1998), the socio-centric notion can act as a barrier to generating and sharing knowledge in an organisation. The socio-centric perspective includes the concept of power benefits acquired by individuals that control structural holes. This idea shows how certain individuals within an organisation may have power over groups of employees and act as the link between them. Such individuals are said to be ‘filling a structural hole', therefore their relative contacts have no direct contact with one another. This allows such an individual to have a certain level of manipulation over knowledge sharing between the two groups and benefit from the social capital derived from them. This can be both an advantage and disadvantage to the firm. It can be an advantage to the individual in that their social capital is increased, and that it allows the two departments to communicate ideas effectively. However the filling of structural holes with one individual could also act as a barrier to generating and sharing new knowledge within the firm. Because when implemented in a firm it means that individuals in different departments do not need to communicate between each other eliminating knowledge sharing within the individuals in each department. Within an egocentric network, sharing of knowledge can be one of the most difficult problems faced by knowledge organisations. In most organisations knowledge sharing requires a change in corporate culture, from ‘information is power' to ‘knowledge sharing build power.' Many organisations decide that the most effective way to encourage individual sharing appears to be through appraisal systems where individuals are asked to assess their own knowledge-sharing behaviours and consider their colleagues view of their sharing performance. The most obvious disadvantages are: an employee may fear senior experts or a supervisor. This fear can have an impact on the way the employee conveys his/her opinions. Another disadvantage is that employees can get compromising solutions from a group of experts with conflicting opinions. This would not give the knowledge engineer an accurate view of the knowledge needed. Also, there can also be a Lack of confidentiality as employees may feel threatened by knowing that their contributions will be shared with and evaluated or validated by other domain experts. However, the results of the appraisals may affect promotion and salary but their use is part of the development culture that includes knowledge sharing as a core competence. Conclusion Social capital has been described as a non-tradable form of capital that will depreciate if not used. Social capital increases in value through use, as relationships get stronger and weak ties are increased (Klaus Nielsen, 2003). In this article we have established that social capital is a rapidly growing notion, more commonly referred to by theorists when discussing issues of economics and organisational knowledge sharing. The concept has been criticised for the diversity of its definition, measurement challenges, and over-versatility (Woolcock and Schuller, 2000). These theorists concluded that social capital can have both a positive and a negative impact on the overall success of an organisation. Positive, in the aspects that a well working network of sharing knowledge can lead to innovation, and greater efficiency of the employees working relationships. Negative in the sense that strong social capital for an individual, or a group of employees does not necessarily guarantee a benefit on a macro scale for the organisation.

Argue and Persuade Essay

I can see why some people may think that there is no benefit to be gained by analysing the poem Half-Past Two, as some may find it tedious and would rather enjoy the poem as it is. Yet, I firmly believe analysing a story/poem definitely does assist our understanding of a certain story/poem. In the poem Half-Past Two there is no doubt in my mind that without discussing the poem with others you can not understand or appreciate it fully. As with all poems there are so many concealed or secret meanings with in it, by discussing the poem these can be revealed so everyone knows the whole meaning of the poem. By understanding a poem/story you will also enjoy it more as you won’t have to try and figure out the plot of the story. After reading a poem you can then analyse it then read it again with a better understanding, therefore relish its full significance. If you were reading a story or a poem, which you do not understand it would become more of a choir to read, rather than a pleasure. By studying the poem Half-Past Two you can see the good use of puns, personification, repetition and other literary devices and begin to cherish the real effort and skill put in by the writer. You can also learn new ways that you could possibly improve your own standard of writing. You may acquire improved methods of adding literary devices into your work, you can also expand your vocabulary by reading professional poets/writers work. When analysing the poem Half-Past Two you are given a good insight on how a young boy’s world might work, when not being able to read time. You can understand his feelings when he is left alone, without a clue what to do, but only left to stare at the clock and fall in to a timeless land. You can see that by not knowing time a child my have his own regime which he sticks too, yet when put out of it would find it hard to get back into it as he may have lost track of his own time. My opinion has been obviously displayed in this essay, I think that without fully understanding a poem/story (mainly poems as they usually have the writers own personal feelings embedded into the poem they have wrote) you can not enjoy it to its full potential. I’m sure everyone has watched a film they did not understand and therefore did not enjoy it fully. Yet after watching it a second time (a form of analysis) you will understand the plot sufficiently and will prefer it on the second viewing. This is what my argument is based on, without understanding you do not have the full enjoyment from anything, be it a film, a poem or a story.

Servise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Servise - Essay Example The discipline of service thinking involves an understanding of various disciplines way of handling customer service issues with a blend of different interdisciplinary methods and tools. This involves tools and methods from the traditional service thinking, the current thinking and going beyond. Service thinking offers organization with new ways of thinking apart from depending solely on the academic disciplines. Instead, service thinking integrates both the necessary academic and professional together with the application of set service design and thinking (Moote, 2008). The main objective of this approach to service provision is to ensure the best customer experience that provides mutual benefit to both the service providers and the end users of the services offered. Service thinking appreciates the interdisciplinary relationship that aims at integrating the customers and the producers throughout the service process (Bettencoat, 2011). For an effective and efficient service provisi on, some chronological steps of service delivery have to be observed. The steps include; first understanding who the customers are, make visualizations about the service and what it can deliver, understand how the service will flow, design the project including all the relevant resources, and lastly deploy the service. According to the article, one of the major motivators for organizations and firms to adopt the service thinking in their marketing strategies is the speed and the scale of labor migrations. Service thinking and design have the ability to expand revenues fetched by a firm. Service thinking has also proven to be one of the economic fuels by ensuring production of quality services and putting up high levels of productivity. Services are one of the fundamentals in the worldwide business competition dome. Through good service provision that enhances high customer satisfaction, organizations are able to build competitive advantage over their competitors. However, the author of the article acknowledges some of the challenges of building a systematic service innovation as the nature of services being multidisciplinary, the incorporation across technology, social, business and customer innovations. It is evident how services have raised the revenues for companies due to service provision and revenues of the organization in general. Services are more paying if well rendered to the customers. Giving an example of two competing hotels adjacent to each other, with the same products, at the same price in the same quantity, and of the same quality, customers may be observed to prefer one to the other despite of the similarities. The question is what makes a customer prefer one hotel to the other, yet they have similar products at similar prices. The most possible answer to this question is the service difference in the two hotels. One hotel may have friendly waiters than the other, may be it may be serving its meals in a more appealing designing compared to th e other hotel, and may be one hotel has more attractive seat arrangement compared to its competitor. Such service provision has made organizations gain more competitive advantage over their competitors not necessarily as a result of the products produced but how customers are served, and the services customers can get apart from the product itself. The economy worldwide is

Culturally Responsive Teaching Summary and Response Research Paper

Culturally Responsive Teaching Summary and Response - Research Paper Example The process of learning is enhanced and all children are learning together. In most situations, children learn more about the global world through the process of learning about different cultures. This is very important because we live in a global world that provides for many cultures who come to the United States to learn and to grow. Many students come to the United States, stay, and make a living. As they enter classrooms at the K-12 and college levels, they are being trained for work; which can require more global knowledge. The aspects of this paper will provide a synopsis of three articles that are research or theory pertaining to CRT. The articles have been chosen from the university library through various academic journals. Summary of Journal Articles Kozleski (2010) begins this discussion in the article that provides information about why CRT is important. Kozleski makes the point that teachers have a responsibility to set aside their biases about certain cultures and provide opportunities for students to interact with one another. These actions, according to Kozleski, will help students stay engaged in their learning. Another important feature of a cultural classroom is that it helps children become engaged in citizenry. For teachers, this means that they begin to negotiate and facilitate instead of lecture and provide orders of what students must do. Teachers who engage in this type of classroom will take into consideration the culture that the children grow up in and will provide them with activities that promote their culture (Kozlewski, 2010). CRT classrooms allow students and teachers to engage in a variety of perspectives that promote activities from many different lenses. As an example, students may study slavery from th e point of the slavers and abolitionists, and then study it from the viewpoint of slave narratives. This action would promote an important piece of the puzzle and create bridges between children and with the teacher. Kozlewski (2010) also promotes the idea of working in communities with children. She states that this takes planning and â€Å"explicit teaching around social interactions† (p. 2) which ultimately creates an environment where all students feel comfortable learning. Another important aspect of

Do Women Have Better Color Vision than Men Essay

Do Women Have Better Color Vision than Men - Essay Example Females have better connections and additional frequent communication between their brain's halves. This accounts for women's knack to have better insight. Men's brains are planned to chasing, which explicates their contracted scale of vision, while women's brains are capable to interpret a broader range of information. In the 1980s, vision examiners started to get some genuine physical discrepancies between the eyes of many women and those of most men. "Normal" color vision is doable because usually human have three different sorts of cone cells in their eyes, each one of which reacts to a different wavelength of beam. The procedure is principally opposite to that of a television set or computer monitor mechanism: on a TV, there are three colored marks - blue, green, and red - and a wide variety of "colors" we see are based on combinations of different degree of those colors. In the eye, cone cells comprises of three different photo tinctures. These are typically generalized as blue, green, and red, but their concrete values are nearer to bluish violet, green, and yellowish green. To keep away from mystification, psychologists characteristically refer to them to long-, medium, and short-wavelength receptive cones. For example, we are looking at a yellowish-green object, the long-wavelength cones are provoked the most, the medium-wavelength cones are kindled a bit, whereas the short-wavelength cones are not revived by any means, and the apposite signal is passed along the optic nerve to the mind, which then identifies the color as "yellowish-green." What the researchers were verdict when they truly looked at the structure of the eye is that most of the women - possibly more than fifty percent - owned a fourth picture pigment. Was this purely a genetic irregularity The premature research recommended that it would not. There is no superiority in women at deciding whether two very alike color scraps were in fact the same. They were only to some extent better than men at perceiving subtle marks of red light, a truth researchers accredited to individual distinction. On the other hand, Jameson and her companions were not influenced by this substantiation. Young girls are better at designating colors than boys, and matured men are not as fine at color-naming compared to women. They experienced the presented measures of color understanding and color-matching did not detain all the discrepancies between men and women, and formulated a new research that they felt was more correspond to real-world vision. (Deeb, 1996) It's to a certain extent complicated to observe an eye to conclude if it has an extra photo pigment - the method generally involves confiscating an eye itself. Jameson and her age group members may perhaps have had just a bit of intricacy recruiting volunteers to take part in a research involving such severe measures, so as an alternative they used a genetic examination to decide how many different photo pigments applicants were expected to possess and they guess this estimate this practice to be about 90 percent correct (Mollon, 2000). Out of 64 contestants in the research, 26 women were have 4 photo pigments, 16 of them were women with 3 photo pigments and 22 were males with 3 photo pigm

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Business law - Essay Example ed are in reference to the purchase of a piece of land adjoining the highway which is being opposed by Higbert but which the other directors propose to go ahead with, in contravention of an agreement between the four Directors which specifies that a unanimous consent is required. The question of dismissal of there employees on grounds of redundancy must also be addressed. The Companies Act of 1985, with amendments made in 1993 and the latest Companies Bill to go into force in 2007, which has proposed changes in the Articles of incorporation and the enforcing of shareholder interests, the new provisions for remuneration for Directors (2002) and the Employment Rights Act of 1996 which also includes the relevant legislation dealing with dismissal of employee son grounds of redundancy. The Hippo Company has been incorporated in accordance with Articles in the Table A form. Incorporation therefore involves separation of ownership and control, it is the members who own the company and allot shares, which constitutes a delegation of the shares as spelt out under s.80 to s.96. The Companies Act sets out the provisions by which Companies are to be governed, including appointment of Directors, articles of incorporation, rights of shareholders and procedures for legal action. On this basis therefore, the four Directors of the Corporation are also the four primary shareholders in the Hippo Company, with each Director owning 25% of the share sin the Company. Hence, where the issue of marginalization of Higbert is concerned, he is placed in the position of a minority shareholder, since the others are working in tandem. The rule established in Foss v Harbottle1 provides minority protection in that an individual or group of minority shareholders can sue where a wrong arises that is ratifiable. However the terms where this minority protection will hold valid were spelt out in Edwards v Halliwell2 and a fraud should have been perpetrated on the minority3, if such protection is

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Essay - 3

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business - Essay Example As a result of this open registration system, shipping companies that are located within the United States or other countries can register their ships in countries such as Liberia, Mangolia or Cyprus where the labor laws and environmental standards are much less stringent and thereby is able to escape liability for many of the regulations that are enforced upon ships registered in other countries. Harun Ur Rashid (2005) points out how the flag of convenience is one aspect of international shipping law that has allowed ships to escape liability for some of the worst accidents that have occurred, such as the oil spills off Spain’s northwest Coast on November 13, 2002, which was one of the worst environmental disasters in history, yet no liability could be pinned on the ship that was operating at below optimum standards. Ships can also escape liability for issues involving immigration and the liability of individual citizens of various countries who are employees on board its vessels. For example, the case of Empresa Hondurana de Vapores v McLeod involved an issue aboard a ship with a flag of convenience, which was registered in Honduras. The National Labor relations Board directed that an election be conducted among all foreign seamen aboard the ship. This was contested by the Honduran company that owned the ship as a violation of the private law of Honduras and thereby a violation of international treaty obligations1 as well as a violation of the United States Constitution itself. The Plaintiffs relied upon the case of Fay v Douds in which the Court held that district courts have jurisdiction over proceedings where constitutional rights are violated. The company therefore sought and won an injunction in a federal district court against the order of the National Labor relations Board on the basis that the Board had extended its jurisdiction into the foreign relations field through ordering such an election (Powar, 1962). Moreover, in

New Product Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Product - Research Paper Example This paper proposes to launch a new car, Eco-Zen, which will be running on water-fuelled technology. It has been observed that segmentation of market and targeting potential consumers are essential prior to the launch of a new product. It helps in making marketing mix for a particular product (Wedel, Kamakura and Bà ¶ckenholt, â€Å"Marketing data, models and decisions†). There are generally four major market segmentation procedures such as: To segment the market for Eco-Zen, geographical and socioeconomic factors will be followed. Among geographical factors metropolitan areas have been considered and among socioeconomic factor income is the most important variable for this product. According to the researchers, certain section of consumers prefers to purchase a premium product as it is closely related to the status symbol. It also satisfies their high self-esteem (Goyat 45-55). Manufacturers are launching this product to promote green-marketing concept and this car will completely eliminate toxic emissions that are currently rampant in the existing automobile industry. So, market segmentation of the car is being done on the basis of geographical factors and marketers need to find regions where consumers are ready to experiment with new innovation. In the introductory phase Eco-Zen will be accepted in metropolitan areas only because these areas are already equipped with required physical infrastructures such as broad roads and highways. To be more specific and accurate about right customer, the market must be further segmented into socioeconomic categories such as their income and affordability in particular. Income is the most important determinant to decide whether the customer is able to purchase the car or not. This is the main reason why the purchasing power of consumers is important variable here. The product is going to follow a premium pricing strategy, so consumers in the higher income group

Database Design- Dependency Diagram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Database Design- Dependency Diagram - Essay Example not be necessary to show all the data dependencies among the various modules because some module might be unconnected in a sequence or time and hence these are not illustrated on a dependency diagram. For example, a module might give data that cannot be used by another module until time lasts. In this scenario, the existing dependency among these modules will be left off in the dependency diagram. The dependency diagrams are also vital and useful when there exits’ complex dependency of module in a database system. Otherwise, the effort which is required to complete the dependency diagram is not warranted in complex dependencies. In this case the recommendation is the decomposition of the diagram to a less complex one such as an action diagram or a structural chart which is outlined to form a suitable dependency diagram. Action diagrams might not be used to illustrate further elaborate details such as in the shared accesses to the main storage, which is not illustrated in a dependency diagram. A CRUD diagram might also be used to illustrate dependency among some of the processes that are not shown in the dependency diagram such as the year –end time dependency among

The Five Kingdoms of Organism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Five Kingdoms of Organism - Term Paper Example Some organisms have the ability to produce their food via photosynthesis. The organisms found under Kingdom Monera are very small. The organisms in Monera do not have chloroplasts or any of the other well-known organelles. Typically, organisms in this kingdom are very tiny. A good example of an organism classified in Kingdom Monera is the blue, green algae, which looks like algae. Kingdom Monera can be divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria refers to a group of bacteria that have simple cells and rigid cells walls. Most of the bacteria use flagella for locomotion. Eubacteria incudes cyanobacteria and true bacteria. On the other hand, Archaebacteria refers to simple living organisms that have the same size as bacteria but are different to bacteria in terms of molecular organization. It among the largest Kingdoms in the classification of living things because of the abundance of plants. Kingdom Plantae is made of all plant species that exist on planet earth. The classification has been made based on their similarities and differences (Black 263). The organisms found in Kingdom Plantae are all eukaryotes. They have all the organelles and a nuclear membrane. They have chloroplasts, which are essential for photosynthesis. Most organisms are autotrophs while a few are both autotrophs and heterotrophs. They are primary food producers in the food chain. Plant cells have cells walls that are mainly made of cellulose. They can grow via cell division. Plants possess a developed vascular transport system. They possess organs and organ system. They can defend attacks from fungi and animals. Plants lack motility. They are not mobile, which means the cannot change locations via self-induced movement. The following is a typical plant cell. The organisms in Kingdom Plantae have been divided further into classes based on the presence of a vascular tissue,

Catcher in the Rye Excerpt Essay Example for Free

Catcher in the Rye Excerpt Essay I said Im not going back to school. You can do what you want to do, but Im not going back to chool, she said. So shut up. It was the first time she ever told me to shut up. It sounded terrible. God, it sounded terrible. It sounded worse than swearing. She still wouldnt look at me either, and every time I sort of put my hand on her shoulder or something, she wouldnt let me. Listen, do you want to go for a walk? I asked her. Do you want to take a walk down to the zoo? If I let you not go back to school this afternoon and go for walk, will you cut out this crazy stuff? She wouldnt answer me, so I said it over again. If I let you skip school this afternoon and go for a little walk, will you cut out the crazy stuff? Will you go back to school tomorrow like a good girl? I may and I may not, she said. Then she ran right the hell across the street, without even looking to see if any cars were coming. Shes a madman sometimes. I didnt follow her, though. I knew shed follow me, so I started walking downtown toward the zoo, on the park side of the street, and she started walking downtown on the other goddam side of the street, She wouldnt look over at me at all, but I could tell she was probably watching me out of the corner of her crazy eye to see where I was going and all. Anyway, we kept walking that way all the way to the zoo. The only thing that bothered me was when a double-decker bus came along because then I couldnt see across the street and I couldnt see where the hell she was. But when we got to the zoo, I yelled over to her, Phoebe! Im going in the zoo! Cmon, now! She wouldnt look at me, but I could tell she heard me, and when I started down the steps to the zoo I turned around and saw she was crossing the street and following me and all. There werent too many people in the zoo because it was sort of a lousy day, but there were a few around the sea lions swimming pool and all. I started to go by but old Phoebe stopped and made out she was watching the sea lions getting feda guy was throwing fish at themso I went back. I figured it was a good chance to catch up with her and all. I went up and sort of stood behind her and sort of put my hands on her shoulders, but she bent her knees and slid out from meshe can certainly be very snotty when she wants to. She kept standing there while the sea lions were getting fed and I stood right behind her. I didnt put my hands on her shoulders again or anything because if I had she really wouldve beat it on me. Kids are funny. You have to watch what youre doing. She wouldnt walk right next to me when we left the sea lions, but she didnt walk too far away. She sort of walked on one side of the sidewalk and I walked on the other side. It wasnt too gorgeous, but it was better than having her walk about a mile away from me, like before.

Piagets Theory: Observation and Reflection

Piagets Theory: Observation and Reflection Piagetian Task For this task, I used blue play-dough and shaped it into 2 balls of the same size. I conducted this task with a boy who is 7 years old and in first grade. I asked him if he would help me with something and he said, Sure, but seemed nervous. I presented him with the two balls of play-dough and he got excited, as if we were about to do something fun. I began by asking him if the two balls of play dough were the same size. He looked at them closely and then picked up each ball before stating that they were not the same size. I asked him to make them the same size and let him know he could use the extra play-dough I had set aside if needed. He added the extra play-dough to one of the balls, melding it into the ball, and then looked at both balls again. He took some of the dough from the now larger ball and added it to the other, looked at the balls again, then added a little more, making sure both balls were smooth and round again. This entire time, he was very focused on what he was doing. Once he finished, one of the balls was clearly a still a little larger than the other, but he was satisfied that they were now the same. To be fair, the difference was very small. I then smashed the larger ball down so that it was flat and round. I asked him if one of them had more play-dough than the other or if they had the same amount. He replied with, Of course theyre the same!, with what seemed to be a bit of an exasperated tone. I asked him to tell me how he knew they had the same amount. He said that he knew this because he himself had made sure each ball had the same amount before. He kind of rolled his eyes and let me know that just because one was squished down doesnt change the amount of play-dough it had. I was quite impressed with his abilities in response to my questions during this task. I dont know what to make of the fact that he felt the balls were not equal to begin with. However, during the process of adding and removing play-dough from the balls to make them even, he exhibited great focus and concentration. Holding the balls, eyeing one and then the other, he made changes until he felt satisfied that they were the same. I had expected just a quick answer either way, so this was surprising to me. I believe that this did confirm Piagets observations, at least in regard to the characteristics of the Concrete Operations stage, which this 7 year old boy clearly fell into. After he finished modifying the balls until he saw them as being equal, he recognized that nothing had changed when I smashed one of them down. Seeing one large round ball, and one seemingly smaller flat disc did not cause him to hesitate when asked if they contained the same amount of play-dough. If anything, he seemed to think it was absurd to even ask that question. I happen to know that this particular boy loves to build things. His favorite thing is taking boxes of different sizes and cutting them into various shapes to make whatever hes imagining at the time.houses, furniture, rockets, etc. His parents have always made sure that he has plenty of random material he can use for his building activities, including a mud pit in the back yard, similar to a small sandbox. I believe that his prior background in utilizing a variety of materials helped to enable him in this task as well. He has learned, on his own, how things fit together and how to form materials like mud into various shapes for different uses. While I dont believe he spent time thinking about the way his brain and eyes processed the information in front of him, he did spend time thinking about the task at hand through the lens of the information processes he had gained through prior experience. He was able to evaluate the balls, and then spend time modifying them to complete the task of making them be the same size. He then had no doubts about the different shapes containing the same amount of play-dough and reasoned that since he had made them the same, they continued to be the same no matter what shape they took on. I believe that all of these factors contributed to his reasoning and performance in carrying out this task. OSHA 1994: Problems in Implimentation OSHA 1994: Problems in Implimentation Problem Statement Malaysia construction industry is the higher fatalities compared with among all the industry in Malaysia table 1 Occupational accident by sector for the category of death from 2009 April to 2011 April shown at below. (Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), 2009-2011). Implementing safety and health requirement should be part of Contractors responsible. (Dongping.F, et al., 2006, p: 434) Contractors comply with Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 to implementing safety and health requirement for the construction site to make the act effectively minimize the accident rate and fatalities. (Omran, et al., 2008) Aim A study into the effectiveness Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 in reducing fatalities and injury rates in Malaysia construction site. Objectives To study of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 the effectiveness by contractors to implement at construction site. To identify the barrier facing by contractor of implementing Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 on construction site. To identify the implement of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 on actual construction site. Background The OSHA Malaysia is effective on 24 February 1994(Act 514). An act is to ensure safety, health and welfare of persons who are at work and to protect other person against safety risk or health in connection with the activities of persons at work. (Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA), s.1) OSHA 1994 actually is quoted Occupational Safety and Health Act. The objects of OSHA 1994 have written and are under section 4. An object of OSHA1994 is to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons who are at work and to protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against hazards. Not only for that had the act also had to promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is fit to worker physiological and psychological needs. The last object of the act is to provide way or method according related to the occupational safety and health legislations can be gradually replaced by an institution of regulations and permitted the industry codes of practice operating in combination with the provisions of the statute, designed to maintain or improve the safety and health standards. (OSHA, s.4 (a-d)) FMA 1967 (Act 139) is to provide for the control of factories with respect to matters relating to safety , health and welfare of person therein, the registration and inspection of machinery and for matters connected therewith. Those machinery which is high risk for operate such as mobile cranes, tower cranes and etc must be certified and inspected by DOSH. (Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA), s.1) According to DOSH government website mentioned that, all factories and general machinery must be registered with DOSH before they can be installed and operated. Factories or any companies require to use machinery their must require to obtain a permission to install machinery by submitting relevant documents to their nearest DOSH offices. The permission to install machinery is for each time certificated machinery or new auxiliaries installed. Methodologies Data collections methodologies categorized as two main ways there are secondary source and primary sources. Secondary source is get information from documents such as personal records, service record, books, journals, newspaper and etc. Primary source are few methods such as questionnaire, interview, case study and etc. (Kumar, 2005, p: 118) For this research title is relative with safety and health requirement therefore the secondary data source will obtain a lot of information which is collected from book, relevant title of articles and relevant record publish from the departments of occupational safety and health. The objective one and two of this research paper which is to study of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 the effectiveness by contractors to implement at construction site and to identify the barrier facing by contractor of implementing those two acts at construction site. The first objective can be achieved by reading those two acts to understand which should implement by the contractors. The second objective can be achieved by reading more books to find out the effectiveness and barrier that contractors may be facing when they implement the two acts at construction site. In addition, questionnaire is appropriate primary data source to get information for this research paper. Because of the research is time-limited and questionnaire is the easiest and quick methodology. Open question is the respondent could be answer in their own words. This open question can be generated mainly qualitative data. The advantages for open question are providing depth and valuable information provided by respondent able to expressing their own opinions. Respondents have the opportunity to express themselves freely, resulting in a wider variety of information. (Kumar, 2005, p: 132) According to Kumar (2005) stated that questionnaires restricted two basic types of question there are closed-ended which called as closed question and open-ended or called as open question. Closed question is researcher set out the answer such as yes or no and let the respondent to answers. Although there is a disadvantages of closed question which is not enough of depth and variety of the information obtained, sometime the answer provided are not truly reflect respondent their own view or opinion. Through the closed question for questionnaire is to ensure that literature view the view and ideas that is appropriate for respond from the respondents. For this research paper will be total 100 sets of questionnaires given to respondents regarding objective two and three will be set for the question. The respondents could be contractors, site staff, site agent, project manager and other parties which experience and knowledge for safety and health at construction site. Guides to Research Chapter In this research paper will be content total five chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction and problem statement of the research title. Then is the aim and objective of the research paper. The aim is achieved by through implemented the objective that have be set out. Chapter 2 is the literature review is through reading more articles and books or other resources which are concern to the research title and obtain the similar idea for those sources and write out the literature review base on the objective stated. Chapter 3 is research methodology for this research paper will carry out the questionnaire. The target of the respondents will be contractor and persons who are related to construction site. Those questionnaires will be set out 100 sets and data will be collected base on this stage which mean in this chapter. Chapters 4 are analysis the data and carry out the result of the analysis in chapter. After the result had been analysis the issues can be identified from the findings. Those data will be presented by using bar chart and etc. Chapter 5 will be the last part of the research paper. This chapter will be conclusions and recommendations after those progresses had been gone through. This chapter also is to ensure that the research aim has achieved through implementing those three objective and the recommendations will be suggested in this chapter. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS Introduction Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994(OSHA) and Factories and Machinery Act 1967(FMA) is a legislative framework in Malaysia construction industry to give promote to the construction industry, advance and assist to have better or high standards of safe and healthy working culture. The legislations are enforcement by Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH). The DOSH are under Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. The department is agency of government to enforce those legislations to promote and enhancing Malaysia construction site quality of working life. (Mudrikah, 2010) In this research paper, the method to reducing the accident rate in construction industry is Contractors have to implementing with the strict safety and health regulatory frameworks for preventing, monitoring and reporting adverse events for the construction site. Contractors should comply with those effective safeties and health requirement to effectively minimize the accident happen on construction worksite. (Dorji et al, 2009) Problems and barrier to implement of OSHA 1994 Table 1 showing that construction industry is among the highest accident rate and fatalities industry in Malaysia occupational rankings. The highest accident rate and fatalities happen in construction site one of the reason may because the act is not effective and there have a legal loophole. Before amend the OSHA 1994 section 29 safety and health officer there is no penalty. But after amended become the OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997 and OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Orders 1997 have a penalty if the contractors do not comply to employ competent person as safety and health officer and other duties in ensuring such personnel could perform his duties effectively and define class of industry to appoint competent safety and health officer both are penalty same condition which is maximum RM5000.00 or maximum six months imprisonment or both. Section 29 has been amended by the Minister to OSH (Safety and Health Office) Regulation 1997 after amended stated that any building operation and any work of engineering construction when the total contract price of the construction project which is exceeding twenty million of ringgit Malaysia the contractors should employ a safety and health officer or other duties in ensuring such personnel could perform his duties effectively. (Safety and Health Officer) Order1997. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulation 1997, s.29) Some of the construction project the total contract sum may not exceeding twenty million according to OSHA section 29 mentioned that means contractors is not necessary to comply and appoint the safety and health officer on their workplace. If unfortunate accident happened cause site workers injury or death at construction site is that whether should be the negligence of the contractors because his has full comply with the OSHA 1994 or the legal is indeed imperfect because only the project exceeding twenty million of ringgit Malaysia contractors should to appoint a safety and health officer. According to OSHA 1994 section 18 duties of safety and health officer his had a important duties at the construction site one of it is to advise contractors measure of the site workers their interests of the safety and health and their responsibilities also included to inspect the workplace determine whether any machinery or equipments or process of work may have the chances liable site worker injuries or harmful their body. If accident is happen safety and health officer have to submit report informs on the number and types of accidents which had occurred in the workplace to the DOSH according to OSHA 1994 section 19 stated. Since section 29 of OSHA had mentioned that only total contract sum exceeding twenty million construction projects is required to appoint a safety and health officer. Moreover, the workplace is happen any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or may have chance occur on the worksite according OSHA section 32 to inform the nearest DOSH office. If accident had occurred which is construction project not exceeding twenty million total contract sum who are going to take safety and health officer his duties to report to DOSH is that means small project is not an accident happen. The purpose of reporting of accident incidences to DOSH is to ascertain the root causes and enable to take remedial actions for prevention future occurrences similar condition. The report incidence is important database for DOSH the database is to analyze strategic planning, management and law enforcement. The data recorded by the safety and health officer is required in order to analyze the results of unification and to ensure statistical validity. (DOSH, 2004, p: 4) Safety and health organization shall be implementing by the Contractors those person are profession and get training for safety and health programme. Those safety and health officer with qualified their role are provide appropriate advice to the site workers their responsibility for the safety in the site and to promote and encourage the planning and implementation of the necessary and effective measures in minimizing the risk and to reduce the accidents rate. (Construction Confederation, 2008) The problem may be arise if contractors they do not appoint safe and health officer or site safety supervisor there is no professional person at worksite to train for new site workers or instrumental promote a safe and healthy working environment on workplace. Furthermore, most of the site workers are foreigners like Indonesia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh or etc. Those foreigner workers they may be lack of knowledge to protect themselves. They might never been exposure with the construction not to mention that they have experience to cope with the huge construction projects. Therefore, the bad attitude and behavior is belonging to the construction it will then rapid increasing the accidents rates. (Wee Lee, 2010, p: 22) According to Wee Lee (2010) there may have another legal loophole in Malaysia. Malaysia safety and health officer they do not have autonomy power therefore they cannot strictly implement the regulation. Moreover, the safety and health officer is employed by the contractor. The contractors may tend to hiding the accident occurrence on site and do not comply with reporting accident happen on their site or even threatened their safety management staff do not report to DOSH that is because the accident of worker may make lost productive time for DOSH officer come over to inspection the accident areas. The construction site accident rate has been increasing simply because of these unhealthy practices in Malaysia. (Wee Lee, 2010, p: 15) Although appoint a safety and health officer of construction site have effective reduce the risk of accident rate. But according to Rabani (2010) mentioned that many contractors they are not aware the important role for appoint a safety and health officer at construction site. Therefore, many contractors they neglect to appoint a safety and health officer. (Rabani, 2010, p: 3) According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that when the accident happen at site it may cause contractors suffer losses in term of the productivity and affected their profit. Accident happen may lower down the productivity this may simply because of site worker may because their co-worker happen accident cause injury or death which may affect their physical and psychological fear they were worry to become the next victims. Therefore, may occur a shortage of workers on site because they may do not want to work in an accident workplace. Because of that cause the construction work delay and cannot be completed on time. Contractor suffers losses affect his profit paid site worker to work over-time to speed up the works and completed at schedule time. In fact, poor safety background actually will cause high insurance premium according to Kit Keng mentioned contractors there are always think that as long as he had buy a insurance to protect themselves from the direct losses caused by the accident happen at construction site, but actually some of the contractors they do not know how much had his to pay the insurance premium. Lastly, some of the contractors think that safety and health officer is not necessary for employ at his workplace. But as a matter of fact the contactors should employ a qualified persons act as safety and health officer. (OSHA, s.6 (1)) In addition, according to OSHA 1994 Section 16 have been revised to OSH (Employers Safety and Health General Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulation 1995 by the Minister. The section 16 been amend that, if the organization has more than five employees than the employer and self-employed person has their duty to formulate the safety and health policy. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulation 1995, s.16) However, the OSHA 1994 section 16 had been modified become better and detail for the need of safety and health policy. But after amend the act from pervious penalty maximum RM5000.00 or maximum two years imprisonment or both become not penalty required for the Regulation 1995 which mean the safety and health policy is not an important for the construction site and site workers. In case, the contractors did not provide the safety and health policy to their workers is without any penalty. (CIDB, 2010, pp: 20-21) According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that, the barrier to the implement safety and health requirement at construction site is because the contractors seen the safety and health requirements required a big visible cost to implement. Therefore, they often do not comply with the legislation requirement in their workplace as provide the safety and health organizations. Conclusion given the above problem is the OSHA 1994 it still contains a little bit of problems and the contractors have the excuse to bypass some of the responsibilities that he should comply with and implementing at his workplace to reduce the accident occurred at the site. Effective to implementing OSHA 1994 Construction industry is highest hazard among all industry therefore to effective minimize the accident rate and fatalities the construction project should through a good planning and co-ordination before the construction project start. Therefore, the contractor plays an important role to implement safety and health responsibility from the concept to the construction completion. One of the effective ways to bring in safety and health in early stages is incorporate safety and health into tendering stage. Therefore, contractors are required to demonstrate that they have an appropriate safety and health management system and to verify its implementation in practice and his required to comply with contract specific occupational safety and health requirement. (CIDB, 2010, pp: 4-5) Select those potential contractors which are appropriate evaluate the safety and health for the project. Implement safety and health included in contract like PAM Contract 2006. According to PAM 2006 contractors his received letter award his is entitles to starts construction works at site his is required to procure and submit contractors all risks insurance, workman compensation and performance bond to the architect or quantity surveyor before the contractors only allowed commencing the construction works. Although OSHA 1994 and FMA 1967 is able to take legal action but bound the safety and health include in contract will be more effective. Because of contract is binding that able enhance strict to implementing safety and health through taking legal action. Profit is the goal of most business is actually the construction industry is also had the same goal. The way to effective reducing the accident for the construction site may through using approach prevention of injuries and death with implementing occupational safety and health management system. (CIDB, 2010, p: 42) According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that contractors seen the visible larger amount for implementing the occupational safety and health management system in his construction project but implementing the safety and health management systems is effectively reducing of injury and death at construction site and benefits to contractors his are achieved through avoidance of delay to his construction project in order to increase his profit as early as completion of the construction project. According to CIDB (2010) stated that, the principles of an occupational safety and health management system contain plan, do, check and act (PDCA). Inside the plan there are mentioned the safety and health policy had to provide at the construction site to introduction the safety and health program. The safety and health policy should be always up-to-date and get aware to the site workers which mean the safety and health policy is very important. Therefore, if the contractors are not complying with OSHA regulation 1995 at his workplace his is be get penalty. Besides, implementing and establish a safety and health committee if the situation is build a condominiums it may have forty or more than forty workers including those staffs hired by employer or workers supply by the sub contractors in this cases the management chain will lead to more than forty worker being hiring or work on the construction project. (Wee Lee, 2010, p: 13) Contractors should implement to form a safety and health committee because there are a lot of workers at the construction site. Otherwise, the Contractors get instructed by the Director General of DOSH that the workplace is required that to form the safety and health committee. Both employee and management are represented for the safety and health committee this is to keep on reviews the construction site conditions. Because of lack of reviews conditions on worksite there may affect worker on site or public surrounding their safety and health. (OSHA, s.30) According to OSHA section 29 and 30 actually contractors should employ a full time competent person act as safety and health officer and then establish a safety and health committee at construction. Safety and health committee must be keeping on reviews the construction site condition. Therefore, at least once every three months the safety and health committee shall conduct periodical inspection and audit on site and provide essential advice on safety issues besides drafting and improving the companys OSH guidelines and procedure. (Rabani, 2010, p: 47) (OSHA, s.29, s.30) Introduction of FMA 1967 Contractors not only had the responsibilities to comply with the OSHA 1994 but Contractors had the obligation need to comply with the FMA 1967 too. FMA 1967 mainly is applying by factories and construction site. The Contractors should understand more about the Factories and Machinery Act 1967, which will help the contractors able to implementing the act on the construction site. This is responsibility of the contractors to maintain all their machinery which is appropriate and safe to operating condition and provide with implement safety measures in construction site operations.(Rabani, 2010, p: 52) Besides, the FMA 1967 section 36 and regulation 7 of FMA (Notification, certificate of fitness and inspection) Regulation 1970 stated that any of the machinery should get permission to install the machinery on construction site is required certificate of fitness. According to FMA 1967 section 35 stated that, any construction project should involve using machinery or plant to carry out the construction work. Only in the case that the construction project is able completed in a period less than six week and does not need or involve using any machinery for their construction project then the contractor is does not require to notify to DOSH. FMA 1967 Section 56 have been revised to FMA (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulation 1986 by the Minister. (FMA, s.56) Part I regulation 3 Application stated that these regulations are applied by the building operations and to works of engineering construction. Section 56 Regulations have total 17 parts divided showed in arrangement of regulation. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.3) In this research paper was discussing about the construction project which contractors should implementing to minimize the machinery hazard cause site workers injury and death at construction. Therefore, in this research papers will be focus on Part II General Provisions. Statutory of FMA 1967 Since table 1 showing that construction industry is the highest accident of fatalities rates. Therefore, machinery at construction shall also to consider and comply with FMA 1967. According FMA regulation 1986 regulation 25 appoint a site safety supervisors to inspecting and rectifying any unsafe place of work and correcting any unsafe practice on construction site this is to ensure the safety , health and welfare of site workers. Appoint a site safety supervisor will be same requirement with safety and health officer which is person who is qualification. Site safety supervisor there must have at least minimum of two years site foremen experience. Their also have the duty to check the sub-contractor work which is to ensure sub-contractor have comply with the Malaysia legislation. If the contractor appoint a part time site safety supervisor and the particular part time site safety supervisor shall spend at least fifteen hours per week and promoting safe conduct of work at construction site. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.25) Otherwise appoint a part time site safety supervisor if the construction site employed more than twenty site workers on a workplace contractor shall appoint a contractors safety supervisor. The contractors safety supervisor shall spend at least five hours per week and promoting a safe conduct to his site workers. Contractors safety supervisor requirement will be same with site safety supervisor with at least two years site foreman experience and qualification. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.26) The construction work site which is employed fifty persons or more than it shall establish a safety committee. The safety committee members will be both employee which mean including sub-contractors and contractors and also management members to be represented. Purpose for safety committee is to keep and review safety and health condition in workplace. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.27) The safety committee shall appoint senior member of contractors staff at construction site and the safety committee shall consist the site safety supervisor, the entire contractors safety supervisors and others site worker. The safety committee should meeting at least once a month. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.27) Furthermore, contractors should implement strict on machinery installed rules on FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 6 just like machinery installed on any floor above the ground floor there have a regulation to control over like any floors above the ground of any building or structures are not allowed to use machinery. Only if the floor or structure has been designed or constructed there are able to support the loading of the machinery or additional strengthen purpose then contractors is allow to use or operate the machinery on the particular building or structures. Contractor should maintain their machinery which is always in good and safe condition his is require to ensure around the machinery surrounding meaning that the passenger walk way is free from any loose material or non-slippery condition. This is to prevent those site workers would not fall down towards to the machines and caused injury or death. According to this regulation 6 if the contractors are not comply with it his will be fines not exceeding RM2000.00. Besides, slipping is easy to happen on construction site. Therefore, Contractors should make sure the surfaces of the passageway sanded or covered or removed. If any passageway such as platform, scaffold or otherwise of elevated working surface is slippery and causing the workers fall down found out is the negligence of the contractor they do not provide slip-safe footing to minimize the slipping hazards on the construction safe according to the FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 8 the contractors would be penalty not exceeding RM2000.00. Contractors have the obligation to keep or remain the worksite passageways with do not have any dirt and debris or other obstruction object may cause site workers tripping. Contractor should minimize those accumulations of dirt and debris on worksite by instructed his site agent to maintain for it and site agent is Contractors representative on construction site. In addition, the debris shall be handled and disposed-off by a method which will not harmful to person and the debris is not allow to accumulate is may constitute a hazard to the worker on site.( Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.22) Moreover, contractors should also have to ensure at worksite there is do not have any projection may or could cut site workers if any, contractor or his representative should removed it or made safe to prevent site workers injury or death. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.9) Construction site the most important is provide workers a safe access to workplace. Firstly, Contractors must ensure the construction site provided proper stairways; ramps or runways. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.10) According to FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 15 stated that, some of the worker who are work in wet concrete may wet their foot contractors shall provide suitable waterproof boots to protect site workers foots get injuries. Malaysia weather is always raining and it cannot be predicted therefore sometime site worker inevitably work on raining day. Contractor shall provided worker waterproof coat and hat when site workers work on raining day at construction site. The penalty to those contractors they are do not provide is fines not exceeding RM2000.00. Besides, site workers should get protective apparel just like if worker their do not wear a safety helmet access to construction site when the construction project is construct more than two storey high building the workers may get higher risk to get serious head injury or may cause death and all people who are performing any work or services in worksite they should wear safety helmets. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.24) Barrier that contractors tend to do not comply to provide all safety helmets and safety boots is because the cost of buying standard helmet and safety boots are very costly generally the construction site are employ many site workers. Moreover, contractors provide safety helmets and safety boots to his site worker simultaneously the contractors shall employ a site safety supervisor or a contractors safety supervisor to ensure the site worker wear proper equipments. According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that, good safety records may attract lower insurance premium. Provides safety helmet and safety boots can be effectively reducing the injury and death rates. Therefore, way to implementation is to ensure all the site workers wear the safety equipments properly the employer or architect they representative which mean project manager and site staff should have the responsibility to control by using fines the site workers they own salary to punish them to ensure they comply with the safety and health regulation to protect themselves safer. The electrical hazards is serious if the contractors did not check any part of an electric power circuit which is exposed or hidden by using instruments to find out the electric power circuit location and performance. The purpose to do so is because of the site worker they may use the jackhammers or other hand tools working as drill through the ground. Hence, the Contractors shall post and maintain proper the warning signs which is using national language where is such circuit exists. Contractors have the responsibilities advice his site worker

Examining Disordered Offenders Within The Prison System Criminology Essay

Examining Disordered Offenders Within The Prison System Criminology Essay As of December 2010, the prison population in England and Wales stands at 84,896. Staggeringly, government figures estimate that over 70% of prisoners have two or more mental health problems of some kind, and 64% of sentenced, male prisoners have a personality disorder (Singleton, Meltzer and Gatward, 2007). This essay will attempt to find out why so many mentally ill people enter and remain in the criminal justice system, and why diversionary methods are not used as often as they should be. If these figures are correct then it seems clear that large numbers of mentally disordered patients are being held in prison as punishment for offending rather than being diverted away from the criminal justice system and into treatment. This essay will attempt to find out why that should be the case. Diversion, in terms of mentally disordered patients, means diverting the individual in question to the health services and seeking treatment, rather than prosecution and entering the criminal justice system. Short of outright insanity, (see the McNaughton rules) no matter how mentally disturbed the offender is, it comes down to whether or not it is in public interest to prosecute. The Crown Prosecution Services ask whether any useful purpose would be served in prosecution, and this can apply to anything from assault to murder (Home Office and Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), 1975). We can see in the case of Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, even when four different psychiatrists told a judge that he was a paranoid schizophrenic, he was sent to prison rather than a secure hospital, as it was in the publics interest to prosecute. Diversion has arguably been around, though not in its current form, since the dark ages. Roth and Kroll (1986: 100) describe a man possessed by evil spirits who goes on to murder three people, yet is not deemed criminal and instead help is sought from wise men, possibly early forms of doctors. It was not formally in existence until the late 19th century when the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions was created, and the power to determine whether it was in public interest to prosecute was introduced. It is generally argued that diversion is beneficial to the mentally disordered offender. Smith and Donovan (1990) argue the opposite case. They postulate that excusing the offenders is not always in their best interests, especially regarding mentally ill patients still possessing most of their faculties. They believe that if the patient is prosecuted normally, it can help instil a sense of responsibility which may deter them from any further crimes, and reinforce the belief that they are in control of their own behaviour. Diversion may do the opposite and reduce their sense of responsibility to adverse effects (Prins, 2010). Similarly, we must consider the effects of diversion from the views of medical staff. They are forced to look after and care for violent patients. This then leads to the use of guards to make sure order is kept, which could be reminiscent of the prison experience the offender has just come from. A significant early factor in the failure of the diversion system would seem to be lack of mental health awareness training for front-line police officers, the first people offenders come into contact with. If a police officer is not trained in identifying mental health problems, the diversion process can not even be started. Also, mental health in regards to the law is often not fully understood by the police, including Section 136 of the Mental Health Act (MHA) 2007, which give the Police the authority to remove a person appearing to be suffering from a mental illness and in need of immediate care or control from a place that the public have access to and take them to a safe place, being a hospital or a police station. A questionnaire regarding police constables knowledge of section 136 was undertaken in 2002 by Lynch, Simpson, Higson and Grout (2002), which found that 40% of those questioned did not realise section 136 was even a police power, and just 22% had had any training on section 136. Section 136 is immensely important in the diversionary process, as it enables trained medical persons to evaluate an offender before they enter the criminal justice system. On the other hand it is used wrongly on far too many occasions where instead being taken to hospitals, the offenders are merely placed in a police station, which could easily put the offender in an even more uncontrolled state of mind. This is not always the fault of the police but down to the lack of mental healthcare experts available in any given area (The Bradley Report, 2009). The report goes on to say that police stations should no longer be used at all as a place of safety. Prins (2010) claims that offender contact with the police is the least developed pathway in terms of engagement with the health and social services. This needs to change as prolonged time spent in police stations or court can exacerbate the conditions of the mentally disordered patients. Rowlands, Inch, Rodger and Soliman (1996) found that diversion, when used properly, can be very effective. They looked at a court diversion scheme and a forensic community psychiatric nurse specialist in particular. A year later, not a single patient in their study area with a psychotic illness was in prison, and just 17% overall had reoffended, while most where living safely back in the community. These figures can be compared to the national figures quoted in the introduction. Rowlands et al. (1996) did, however, conclude that although diversion was better than imprisonment, it was second best to hospitalising the offender, and highlighted the need for a greater number of secure beds and locations. Similarly, Joseph (1992) attributed success to the availability of detailed professional assessments and an increase in inter-service communication. This leads us onto another important point. The diversionary process cannot work without proper communication between the services involved, such as the police, judges, psychiatrists, social and probation services. The Bradley Report (2009) highlights the fact that the healthcare services in each police station are not run by the National Health Service (NHS), but by each individual force instead. This brings up many issues when moving mentally ill offenders between hospitals and police stations, such as police stations not being subject to the same governance and performance measures as the NHS hospitals. The report suggests transferring commissioning and budgetary responsibility for healthcare services in police custody suites to the NHS at the earliest opportunity and also brings to light the polices difficulty in obtaining information from the NHS. Bradley (2009) also states that the number of people who come into contact with the police is not known as there are no requirements for them to keep statistics. One of the majo r changes called upon by the Bradley Report (2009) is the introduction of liaison and diversion services in all police stations which would chiefly identify and assess mental disabilities and learning difficulties swiftly and effectively under arrest, and provide better services for people taken to police stations under Section 136 MHA 2007. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) also has very little contact with the healthcare services. This is worrying because they have to make the decision whether to prosecute a mentally ill offender solely on information received from the police with respect to any charging advice, who are obviously ill equipped to relay such medical matters (The Bradley Report, 2009). Prosecutors are also reminded that not all mentally ill offenders are ineligible for a caution as without which, the possibility of discrimination appears. It is entirely possible the offenders mental disorder played little to no role in the crime they committed, so why shouldnt they be eligible for a caution. The Bradley Report calls for more conditional cautions for mentally disordered offenders while notifying relevant health authorities. When looking at this question, it is easy to assume that all the incarcerated mentally disordered people would rather have been diverted to the healthcare services, which links to Smith and Donovans comments earlier . This is not always the case. Prins (2010) states that there are a number of benefits to the offender if he is dealt with by the normal criminal justice system model. Firstly, hospitalisation orders often result in a much longer length of imprisonment, and if the defendant is declared unfit to plea, immediate, indefinite hospitalization is issued in the majority of cases. Secondly we must consider the possibility of iatrogenic effects brought on by psychiatric intervention. Fonagy and Bateman (2006) tell us that this is down to the difference between ones own experience of ones mind and that presented by another person. Psychiatrists and other mental healthcare workers can only use the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and past experience to treat patients. The possibilities of worsening patient health comes from the fact that all mental disorders can and are different in so many respects and so exact guidelines for experts to follow are less personal and therefore have room for error. To combat this, psychiatrists must integrate the patients own experience of mind with their own (Fonagy and Bateman, 2006). The Bradley Report (2009) highlights the lack of treatment available to mentally disordered offenders in prisons, and questions whether the treatment should be carried out in prisons at all. No longer should inmates be getting their first assessment in jail, they should be assessed for mental disorders or learning difficulties at least once by the courts or the police. Reed and Lyne (2000) explore the inpatient care of mentally ill prisoners, and find it to be wholly unsatisfactory. Of the 13 prisons inspected and the 348 inpatient beds within them, not a single doctor in charge of the inpatients had completed psychiatric training, and only 24% of the nurses had had any mental health training, obviously some disturbing figures. As Prins (2010) states, it is all too easy to blame these shortcomings on a lack of finances, but there must be methods used to overcome them nonetheless. The Bradley Report (2009) also states the need to remove those from prisons with mild or medium mental di sorders and introduce many more community based primary mental health services. The Power of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 lays out the basis for passing custodial sentences on an offender who is, or appears to be mentally disordered. A medical report must be compiled and considered, as must the likely effect of the sentence imposed and any treatment available for the condition. This act is something all judges and magistrates must know, which makes it even stranger that so many mentally disordered offenders make it through to the prison systems. It would seem that much more intense and thorough psychiatric assessments should be made prior to appearing in court, as to enable the courts to recognize mental disabilities in offenders and help the diversionary scheme become more effective. The Bradley Report (2009) says that information regarding people appearing in court is essential in not only sentencing and remand options, but also whether they are even fit to plea. It goes on to say we should make available the same provisions to vulnerable defendants a s we do vulnerable witnesses, as the traumatic courtroom procedures can be very trying on a defendant with a mental disorder. The Bradley Report (2009) criticises the excessive use of remand for offenders with mental disorders. It encourages the use of more mental health service provisions outside in the community, but accepts this is not possible at the moment due to current strain on healthcare, and the fear in communities about the frequent reoffending of some mentally disordered people. More approved premises must be created to house people on remand as opposed to placing them in jail, as just 3 out of 101 of these facilities can specifically deal with mentally disordered offenders. It is worth making the point here that in the current economic climate it is questionable whether funding is likely to be made available for either enhanced community provision or further approved premises. On the other hand, there are studies that show treatment by prison care services is just as, or even more, effective than community hospitals or NHS hospitals. Brooke, Taylor, Gunn and Maden (1996) interviewed 750 unconvi cted males in 3 young offenders institutes and 13 adult male prisons. Of the 63% diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, the largest majority were deemed to be treated best by the prison care health services and transfer to a NHS bed was advised in just 9% of these cases. Although there is certainly a need for a great increase in mental healthcare services outside of the prisons for diversion to take place effectively, we cannot neglect the mental disorder work that goes on within them. No matter how thorough the screening and assessment processes are, some mentally disordered offenders will fall through the cracks, and some prisoners certainly develop mental illnesses as a result of their prison stay, such as depression. It is vitally important to increase trained staff and facilities both within and outside the prison context. A report by the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health found many shortcomings within the diversionary schemes currently in place. These range from a lack of locations leading to certain parts of the country with no help, to the offenders lack of engagement with the services. They estimate just one fifth of the potential national caseload is seen to, and this doesnt even count those who are missed by assessments at the police and court stages. Even worse, those that do get seen often drop out of the system as little is done to ensure they engage with the diversion process. Overall, this report is very similar to the Bradley Report, condemning the poor, current use of diversion with regards to mentally disordered offenders. The main remedy they put forward is the introduction of many diversion and liason teams working throughout the country, at all levels of the criminal justice system, as this would be the best way not only to detect the vulnerable offenders, but also help in treating th em. To try and combat the usual defence of a lack of funding, they propose all diversionary and liaison teams are jointly funded by both the mental health services and the criminal justice system. The Bradley Report (2009) also goes into some depth about the benefits of a fully functioning diversionary and liaison team, such as ensuring the police can make a fully informed risk assessment at the early stages, and the links that must be made from the prison mental care services to the continued care of a mentally disordered offender post release. Clearly, the overriding problem with diversion is the lack of assessment and diagnoses before an offender enters the prison system, and a lack of liaison and diversionary services available for when mental disorders are recognized. The Bradley Report (2009) puts forward the need for these services to move back from the court process and into the police stations which can improve the identification and assessment of mental health problems and learning disabilities at an earlier stage, which would also assist and contribute to the increasing communication between all agencies in the criminal justice system, and the healthcare services. This would also enable some mentally disordered offenders to completely avoid the criminal justice system as the police would instantly divert them to the appropriate mental health services, providing the best care for the offender, and reducing the workload of the police and the courts. The amount of prisoners with mental health problems is obviously di sproportionate to the society in general, but many might not display symptoms of mental illness or even develop one until incarcerated. We also must consider whether society wants mentally disordered offenders treated in the community rather than in Prisons, after all, public protective comes first and foremost. Look at the case of Christopher Clunis, a paranoid schizophrenic reviving community care from the psychiatric and social services, who went on to stab a stranger three times in the face. It seems inevitable that these occurrences would be more prevalent with many more psychologically disordered offenders walking the streets,. Of course there is the argument that these individuals would be housed in secure hospitals, but the system is not 100% foolproof, as we can see. In conclusion, while there are undoubtedly many people in the prison system with mental disorders that do not belong there, with the healthcare system in its current state it is hard to argue mentally disordered offenders would be better off receiving treatment in the community and mental healthcare institutions. The fact is they are underfunded and under developed, there would simply be no room for thousands more patients released from prisons or diverted in the first place. Similarly, there are many mentally ill offenders that would prefer to be dealt with via the criminal justice system because it can often lead to a shorter spell of incarceration, and societys reluctance to integrate mentally disordered offenders into the public. Of course, if these problems can be addressed then diversion can be used as a suitable alternative to prisons for the mentally disordered offender (The Bradley Report, 2009).

Repetitive Strain Injury Essay -- Health, Musculoskeletal Injury

Repetitive strain injury is a term that encompasses a broad range of musculoskeletal conditions that usually occur in sedentary workers. The musculoskeletal injury occurs due to an accumulation of microtrauma caused by repeated soft tissue overload (Ratzlaff 2007). In other words, tissues in the body are repeatedly injured with each injury being minor but, cumulatively, causing serious pain and damage to the body. Repetitive strain injury is not new phenomenon. It was first reported in the early 1900’s as telegraphic operator’s cramp in men who operated Morse keys (Youngson 2005). As the name suggests, repetitive strain injury affect those who perform repeated tasks for long periods of time. Most people affected are those who spend the majority of their work day sitting at a desk or using a computer. Other groups who frequently suffer from repetitive strain injury are those who use a particular muscle or group of muscles repeatedly such as musicians, knitters, a nd sewers. Factors contributing to repetitive strain injury are repeated use of same muscles, poor posture and sitting for long periods of time. Manifested primarily as pain in the forearm, shoulder or neck, repetitive strain injury is more common in women, tall people, smokers or those who are overweight. (Youngson 2005). Symptoms include pain anywhere in the fingers, hands, arms or upper spine. Repetitive strain injuries usually begin gradually and progress through distinct stages (Youngson 2005) and are easily manageable in the early stages. It is important to recognize the symptoms and treat early. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common type of repetitive strain injury and results from compression of the median nerve as it traverses the carpal tunnel ... ...biofeedback. A third treatment commonly used is an ergonomic approach. This involves the minimization of exposure to risk factors in the workplace. One method of achieving this is by the altering or replacement of equipment that is causing the injury. Many types of ergonomic keyboards are available for computer users which reduce the stress placed on the hands and wrists. Employee’s workstations can be altered to include equipment such as desks and chairs that help maintain proper posture reducing stress to the arms, upper torso, and neck. Frequent rest breaks are also encouraged by experts to minimize strain to all parts of the body. Repetitive strain injury is a condition that can affect a person of any age, gender, or race. Activities and tasks that seem insignificant, when performed repeatedly, have to ability to damage the body if left untreated.

Body Language :: essays research papers

What is Body Language?Definition: Body Language is communication through gestures or attitudes. (<a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/stat?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&offerid=6424&type=2&subid=0&url=http%253A//search.borders.com/fcgi-bin/db2www/search/search.d2w/Details%253F%2526mediaType%253DBook%2526prodID%253D3805147" >Webster's Dictionary<IMG border=0 alt=icon width=1 height=1 src="http://ad.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/show?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&bids=6424&type=2&subid=0" >, 1997)Why is it important for teachers to know and use?Most people remember more of what they see than what they hear. We retain vivid images of facial expressions and body behavior.Body language usually dose not lie. We can build trust with our students by showing them that our actions will be in sync with our words.Alert teachers watch their students' movements, actions, and emotions and use what they see to adjust their teaching methods to be effective with their l essons.By being alert to student behaviors, teachers can more easily predict and deter inappropriate behavior before it becomes a problem. Teachers need to be able to control their own body language so they can be in charge of the message they want to portray to the students. They can send out positive body language messages to promote positive interaction between her/himself and the students and between students and other students.Modeling positive body language is important because body language can be very contagious.Issues that contribute to one's use of body language:culture physical size gender mood past experiences age position Examples for the classroom:</bAlways observe the students' body language and be able to detect boredom. By being alert to students' body language messages you are more likely to meet their needs and interests even if they may not verbalize them. Use direct eye contact with your students. This is one of the most important nonverbal teaching skills. L ook directly at the student (not at their hair, shoulder, what they are wearing). Looking any place else is too distracting for them. Do not make it a habit to stay behind or around your desk all of the time. Whether they realize it or not, some teachers use their desk as a wall of protection or symbol of authority in the classroom.